Pendahuluan
Pengembangan kemampuan staf medik sebagai clinical teacher merupakan salah satu area penting dalam pengembangan staf selain area pengembangan kemampuan penelitian dan evidence based practice dan pengembangan kepakaran dan keahlian sesuai bidang ilmu. Staf medik sebagai clinical teacher akan sangat berperan dalam menjadi panutan bagi para mahasiswa kedokteran dan residen selain menjadi narasumber dalam transfer pengetahuan dan keterampilan. Clinical teacher juga berperan sebagai mentor dalam memfasilitasi pengembangan kemampuan profesionalisme mahasiswa dan residen dan sebagai supervisor yang membimbing dan mengarahkan mahasiswa dan residen dalam melatihkan kompetensi dalam situasi klinik yang sebenarnya dengan tetap menjaga keselamatan pasien (Bowen, 2006).
Pentingnya pengajaran dan supervisi sistematis terhadap seluruh bentuk pendidikan yang terjadi pada rumah sakit pendidikan kian menjadi perhatian. Hal ini terungkap jelas dalam kriteria dari salah satu badan akreditasi internasional untuk rumah sakit, Joint Commission International (JCI). Dalam JCI Accreditation for Hospitals tahun 2012 tercakup standar untuk Academic Medical Center Hospitals atau Rumah Sakit Pendidikan yang dikenal dengan istilah Medical Professional Education (MPE) Standards. Standar tersebut terdiri dari 7 poin utama yang menekankan peran rumah sakit dalam penyelenggaraan pendidikan. Ketujuh standar ini mengikat berbagai pihak, termasuk di dalamnya pihak pimpinan dan manajemen RS, dosen klinik, mahasiswa dan residen (JCI Accreditation for Hospitals, 2013).
Oleh karena itu, staf medis sebagai clinical teacher perlu memiliki kemampuan khusus untuk memanfaatkan kasus klinik yang tersedia untuk pembelajaran mahasiswa atau residen seoptimal mungkin dengan tetap memerhatikan kenyamanan dan keselamatan pasien. Kemampuan khusus ini perlu ditunjang dengan pengetahuan dan keterampilan mengajar di setting klinik, mengenali karakteristik peserta didik, memberikan dukungan, menjadi panutan, memberikan umpan balik, memanfaatkan ‘teaching moments’ saat berada di berbagai setting pelayanan klinik, melakukan supervisi, observasi, asesmen terhadap pengetahuan, keterampilan dan perilaku mahasiswa dan residen di situasi praktik klinik yang sebenarnya.
Tujuan
Pada akhir pelatihan, peserta diharapkan mampu:
1. Mendeskripsikan konsep pengajaran pada tahap klinik dan penerapannya dalam program pendidikan dokter dan dokter spesialis .
2. Menjelaskan konsep clinical reasoning dan perannya dalam pembelajaran klinik.
3. Mendeskripsikan dan menerapkan teknik microskills.
4. Menerapkan cara pemberian umpan balik yang konstruktif.
5. Mendeskripsikan konsep dan tata cara pelaksanaan bedside teaching.
6. Mempraktekkan cara pengajaran keterampilan klinik atau keterampilan prosedural.
7. Menjelaskan prinsip asesmen di praktik klinik.
8. Menerapkan prinsip asesmen dalam penggunaan instrumen evaluasi workplace-based assessment (Mini-CEX, logbook, portfolio, dan 360° assessment).
9. Menjelaskan prinsip refleksi diri dan mampu menyusun refleksi diri sebagai clinical teacher.
Lingkup Bahasan
1. Deskripsi tentang pelatihan clinical teacher.
2. Prinsip pembelajaran praktik klinik (principles of clinical teaching).
3. Prinsip penalaran klinik (clinical reasoning).
4. Prinsip refleksi diri sebagai staf pengajar klinik (reflection on current teaching).
5. Microskills teaching.
6. Pemberian umpan balik yang konstruktif (giving constructive feedback).
7. Dinamika Kelompok.
8. Profesionalisme dan prinsip pemberian dukungan terhadap peserta didik bermasalah
9. Humanisme dan kompetensi budaya.
10. Pengajaran di bedside (bedside teaching).
11. Procedural skills tutorial.
12. Prinsip asesmen dan workplace-based assessment.
13. Mini-CEX & 360° assessment.
14. Logbook & Portfolio.
WAKTU DAN TEMPAT PELATIHAN
BATCH 3
Waktu: Senin – Kamis, 14-17 September 2015
Tempat: Ruang Kuliah Departemen Radiologi Fakultas Kedokteran UI Salemba.
BATCH 4
Waktu: Senin – Kamis, 28 September – 1 Oktober 2015
Tempat: Ruang Senat Akademik Fakultas (SAF) Fakultas Kedokteran UI Salemba.
Evaluasi Pelatihan
Pelatihan ini dirancang selama 40 jam. Peserta yang jumlah kehadirannya dalam pelatihan 100%, serta menyelesaikan tugas dalam bimbingan individual, berhak memperoleh sertifikat.
Pendaftaran
Bagi Staf Pengajar Fakultas Kedokteran UI yang ingin mengikuti pelatihan CLINICAL TEACHER FKUI BATCH 3 dan BATCH 4 tahun 2015, dapat melakukan pendaftaran melalui tautan PENDAFTARAN dan mengunduh SURAT PERNYATAAN KESEDIAAN MENJADI PESERTA lalu mengirimkannya melalui email ke sdmfkui@gmail.com.
Periode pendaftaran:
Batch 3 :
tanggal 18 – 31 Agustus 2015 atau setelah kuota peserta sebanyak 40 orang terpenuhi.
Batch 4:
tanggal 1 – 18 September 2015 atau setelah kuota peserta sebanyak 40 orang terpenuhi.
Informasi Pelatihan
Sdri. Dessy (Sekretariat SDM FKUI, Tlp. 08561765753, email: sdmfkui@gmail.com)
ditulis oleh:
Humas FKUI
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台灣對於線上賭場的特殊稱呼是「娛樂城/線上賭場(現金網)」。這種稱呼的背後有其原因,主要是因為線上賭場在台灣架設及經營是違法的。在早期經營線上博弈被抓的風險非常高,因此業者採用了「娛樂城」這樣的模糊代稱,以規避警方的注意。當時的網絡搜尋引擎尚未普及,這樣的代稱在一定程度上能夠達到避免被發現的效果。
台灣娛樂城/線上賭場的歷史可以分為幾個時期:
1. 網路未興盛時代:
– 現場賭場時期(1980年代):賭博活動主要發生在實體賭場,包括家庭電話上的BB CALL呼叫器、六合彩、大家樂等方式。
– 電銷賭場時期(21世紀):隨著手機的普及,人們開始使用手機進行博弈,主要包括中華職棒簽賭和六合彩等。
2. 線上博弈時期(2013年開始):
– 網際網路普及後,原本的信用版博弈業者開始轉戰線上賭場(娛樂城),開啟了線上博弈的時代。
– 由於在台灣,線上賭場架設和經營是違法的,合法的線上賭場通常選擇在合法的國家進行架設。
– 開設線上賭場主要採用「現金儲值」的方式,以規避法律風險。玩家將現金兌換成賭資,進行投注。
3. 娛樂城商業模式的轉變:
– 早期的娛樂城業者往往將客服人員與金流(出入款)的職責綁在一起,
容易成為執法機關定罪的基礎。
– 現代的娛樂城業者開始將客服人員、金流服務商以及廣告行銷外包,以降低定罪風險。
– 由於遠端工作的普及以及區塊鏈技術的應用,未來娛樂城業者可能更加難以被追查,這也凸顯了博弈產業合法化的必要性。
娛樂城業者面臨的風險主要來自以下幾個方面:
– 架站主機:娛樂城業者通常在合法的國家進行架設,使執法機關難以從此方面下手追查。
– 客服人員:娛樂城業者可能在台灣設立辦公室提供客服服務,這也是執法機關可能進行搜索的目標之一。
– 金流(出入款):娛樂城業者使用人頭帳戶進行金流操作,以規避監管機構的追蹤,但也存在風險。
– 行銷推廣:娛樂城業者需要進行廣告推廣來吸引玩家,行銷推廣方式也可能成為執法機關追查的一環。
娛樂城業者商業模式的轉變也反映了博弈產業的發展趨勢。隨著網路技術的成熟和商業模式的創新,博弈產業可能朝著合法化和監管的方向發展,以確保公信力、保護玩家權益並徵收相應的稅收。
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